Di-li – no (future tense)
Ka-on – eat
Pa-ni-ud-to – lunch
pa – Still / yet
na – Now / Already

Mokaon ka ba a imong paniudto? – Will you eat your lunch?

Explanation:

“mo” prefix in front of kanon marks it as future tense.
“ka” personal pronoun for YOU
“ba” is a question marker asking
“imong” is YOUR

As with any yes or no question the respondent can provide more information.

Here are two possible answers:

Dili pa – No but but there is a possiblity that he/she will eat later
Dili na – No and the person is expressing that he/she has no plan to eat

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Wa-la – nothing / absence of (used for past / progressive tense)
Ka-on – eat
Pa-ni-ud-to – lunch
pa – Still / yet
na – Now / Already

eg.

Mikaon ka ba sa imong paniudto? – Did you eat your lunch?

Explanation:

“mi” prefix in front of kanon marks it as past tense.
“ka” personal pronoun for YOU
“ba” is a question marker asking
“imong” is YOUR

As with any yes or no question the respondent can provide more information.

Here are two possible answers:

Wala pa – Not yet but probably will later
Wala na – No and the person is expressing that he/she has no plan to eat anymore

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If you look up the meaning of the words you will usually see it explained thus:

Wala – nothing / absence of

Dili – No

This simplistic translation will get you by most of the time and most Cebuano’s will not correct you if you use the wrong word.   If you pick up on the fact that this explanation does not fit the way the words are used then you will become very confused.  Try asking your average Cebuano or even many highly educated Cebuano’s why and they will be unable to tell you.

I have yet to find any book or reference that provides an explanation of the correct use of Wala and Dili.

Here it is

Wala – nothing / absence of (used for past / progressive tense)

Dili – no (future tense)

Eg.

In these examples we will assume a negative answer.

May kwarta ka ba? – Do you have money?

using the simplistic example you would expect to be able to answer with DILI

After all that means NO?

WRONG

The correct answer is WALA

Mokuha ka ba ug kwarta? – Will you get money?

If you had already learnt that the correct answer for the first question asking if you have money is WALA then be might be tempted to answer WALA.

WRONG

The correct answer is DILI

The above is a good example of why you really need access to a teacher when learning this language.

The next to lessons about PA and NA will provide more examples.

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Ako ( a-ko ) – FIRST CLASS for I

Nako ( na-ko ) – SECOND CLASS for I

Si – FIRST CLASS marker for proper noun

Ni – SECOND CLASS marker for proper noun

We will now add the FIRST & SECOND CLASS markers

Higala nako si John – John is my friend

Nako is a SECOND CLASS personal pronoun that denotes possession

Si is a FIRST CLASS marker for a proper noun.

As you can see the rule of one FIRST CLASS per sentence still applies.

The meaning changes if we change around the FIRST & SECOND CLASS

Higala Ako ni John – I am a friend of John

Here is an example using FIRST & SECOND CLASS markers for proper nouns

Asawa ni Joseph si Mary – Mary is Joseph’s wife

Change them around and the meaning changes

Asawa si Joseph ni Mary – Joseph is the wife of Mary ( because asawa in Cebuano is wife)

To make the above sentence correct we would also need to change asawa to bana (husband)

Bana si Joseph ni Mary – Joseph is the husband of Mary

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 Vocab:

Asawa ( a-sa-wa ) – wife
Bata ( ba-ta ) – child 

Rules:

- Remember there can only be one first class personal pronoun per sentence.
- If more than one pronoun then the shorter one must come first.

Asawa ako (ko) nimo – I am your wife
ako is FIRST CLASS for I
nimo is SECOND CLASS for YOU

The literal translation is WIFE I YOU

The FIRST CLASS PERSONAL PRONOUN denotes the topic of the sentence while the SECOND CLASS PERSONAL PRONOUN is possessive. 

As the rules states you can not put to FIRST CLASS PERSONAL PRONOUNS in the same sentence.   Not only would it be confusing but sounds totally wrong to a Cebuano listener.

Without a FIRST CLASS PERSONAL PRONOUN the sentence is incomplete.

If you reverse the order of the FIRST and SECOND CLASS PERSONAL PRONOUNS then the meaning of the sentence will change.

Asawa nako ikaw – You are my wife

Note: In Cebuano they have a separate word for husband as we do in English.  In Tagalog Asawa is used for both and translates to spouse.

 Here are some more examples.

Asawa nako siya – She is my wife

Mga bata nako sila – They are my children 

Remember the rule about the shorter PERSONAL PRONOUN always coming first.

 Higala nako ikaw – You are my friend

 If we want to use the abbreviated form of ikaw which is ka then it will precede nako.

 Higala ka nako – You are my friend

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si ( si ) – for proper noun

sila si ( si-la-si ) – same as above but plural

There is no direct English translation for the Marker Si / Sila Si 

In the lesson on the Use of Ang we learn how to say

Gwapa ang babaye. (The girl is beautiful)

Gwapo ang lalaki. (The boy is handsome)

In this lesson we replace girl and boy with a proper noun (name)

Gwapa si Mary. (Mary is beautiful)

Gwapo si John. (John is handsome)

Another example from the Use of Ang was

Magtutudlo ang lalaki.  - The man is a teacher

Magtutudlo ang babaye. – The women is a teacher

We can say

Magtutudlo si Mary. – Mary is a teacher

Magtutudlo si John. – John is a teacher

If we to say that Mary and John are teachers

Magtutudlo sila si Mary ug si John – Mary and John are teachers

You may have noticed in this and previous examples that when you pluralize a word in Cebuano the root word does not change as it does in English.  Instead a special word is used to signify that it is plural.  In the above example the special word is SILA.

To specify more than two people you just keep adding UG SI

Magtutudlo sila si Mary ug si John ug si Tony ug si Greg

Mary and John and Tony and Greg are Teachers

As in English we would simplify it to: 

Magtutudlo sila si Mary, John, Tony ug si Greg 

Mary, John, Tony and Greg are Teachers

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sa mga – same as above but plural

Using the same example from the lesson on SECOND CLASS personal pronouns:

Gamay ang balay niya – His or Her house is small

We will replace the personal pronoun with common noun

Gamay ang balay sa lalaki – The house of the man is small

Negosyo ( ne-gos-yo ) – business

Ug ( ug ) – and

Bata ( ba-ta ) – Child

Mo-adto (mo-ad-to) – Will go (future)

Mo-uban (mo-u-ban) – Will go with (future)

Libro (lib-ro) – book

Lamesa (la-me-sa) – Table

Here is another example:

Negosyo niya – His or Her business

Negosyo sa babaye – Business of the girl  (Girls buisness) 

If we want to refer to a group of girls:

Negosyo sa mga babaye – The business of the girls

The prefix MGA is used to pluralize a noun.

Or refer to a house belonging to multiple children.

Balay sa mga bata – The house of the children

More examples

Moadto ko sa Manila – I will go to manila

Mouban ako sa imo – I will go with you

Ang Libro sa lamesa – The book on the table

Ang libro sa balay – The book at/in the house

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ni ( ni ) – of (proper noun)

nila ni ( ni-la-ni ) – same as above but plural

Using the same example from the lesson on SECOND CLASS personal pronouns:

Gamay ang balay niya – His or Her house is small

We will replace the personal pronoun with proper noun

Gamay ang balay ni John – The house of John is small (John’s house is small)

Negosyo ( ne-gos-yo ) – business

Ug ( ug ) – and

Here is another example:

Negosyo niya – The business of him or her (His or Her business)

Negosyo ni John – The business of John (John’s business)

If we want to include John’s business partner:

Negosyo nila ni John ug nila ni Peter – The business of John and Peter

Or refer to a house belonging to John and his wife Mary.

Balay nila ni John ug nila ni Mary – The house of John and Mary

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Here are the SECOND CLASS personal pronouns:

nako ( na-ko ) – My
nimo ( ni-mo ) – Your
niya ( ni-ya ) – His or Her
nato ( na-to ) – Our (inclusive of the person being addressed)
namo ( na-mo ) – Our (exclusive of the person being addressed)
ninyo ( nin-yo ) – Your (plural)
nila ( ni-la ) – Thier

As stated with FIRST CLASS there can only be one used in a sentence but with SECOND CLASS there is no limit on how many you can use.
Gamay ang balay. (The house is small)

Now lets expand this sentence to denote ownership of the house.

Gamay ang balay nako  – My house is small

You can see we are using the SECOND CLASS personal pronoun.

Attaching SECOND CLASS personal pronouns to objects denotes ownership.

In a previous lesson we had:

Gamay ang balay ako / ko WOULD PROBABLY BE UNDERSTOOD BUT VERY WRONG GRAMMAR

Using the wrong CLASS of personal pronoun can often change the entire meaning of the sentence.

So here is the example for each SECOND CLASS personal pronoun expanding our description of a small house to denote ownership:

Gamay ang balay nako – My house is small
Gamay ang balay nimo – Your house is small
Gamay ang balay niya – His or Her house is small
Gamay ang balay nato – Our house is small (inclusive of the person being addressed)
Gamay ang balay namo – Our house is small (exclusive of the person being addressed)
Gamay ang balay ninyo – Your house is small (plural as in belongs to those being addressed)
Gamay ang balay nila – Their house is small

The MARKER ANG is FIRST CLASS and identifies the topic of the sentence which in this case is the house.

There are other ways to construct sentences with the same meaning but making other parts of the sentence the topic.

This is often done for emphases or continuation of a previous topic.

It can also be the personal choice of the speaker what form the like to use.

This is an advanced area we will look at in the future but for now I just wanted to touch on it here.

In our next lesson we will attach SECOND CLASS personal pronouns to VERBS.

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My teacher uses a grammar method that classifies pronouns and markers into three different classes

Here are the FIRST CLASS personal pronouns:

ako ( a-ko ) / ko – I
ikaw ( i-kaw ) / ka – You
siya ( si-ya ) / s’ya – He or She
kita ( ki-ta ) / ta – We (inclusive of the person being addressed)
kami ( ka-mi ) / mi – We (exclusive of the person being addressed)
kamo ( ka-mo ) / mo – All of you (you plural)
sila ( si-la ) – They

There should only be one of these FIRST CLASS pronouns or markers (coming later) in a sentence.

They identify the topic or subject of the sentence and using more than one can be confusing as well as sounding bad to a Cebuano’s ears.

All of the above personal pronouns have a corresponding SECOND CLASS and THIRD CLASS variations.

In previous lessons we had the word balay which means house. You can not use the FIRST CLASS personal pronouns to denote ownership.  You need to use the SECOND CLASS personal pronouns.

This is the meaning when using the FIRST CLASS personal pronoun:

Balay ko – I am a house
Balay ka – You are a house
etc.

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